Concussion

81-86). A moderate sports-related stutter might also result from being hit in the take aim by a pitched baseb wholly.

The term, concussion, tush be used to describe a "sharp sudden blow or collision" (Ryan, 1991, pp. 81-86). Additionally however, the word, concussion, is used to describe the material blemish which is caused by the collision. Hence, in a medical sense, a concussion whitethorn be defined as "a temporary disturbance of brain function" (Fick, 1995, pp. 53-60).

The syndrome's signs and symptoms include a diffuse interruption of neurochemical and electrical activity within the pallium and brainstem. Concussions whitethorn result in temporary mental confusion, amnesia, and as yet loss of consciousness. The amnesia may be instantaneous or delayed by several minutes. Moreover, it may be two anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde amnesia describes the "failure to establish memories for events occurring since injury" (Capruso & Levin, 1992, p. 879). In contrast, retrograde amnesia involves the inability to recall events that occurred before the brain trauma. Typically, more recent memories argon most dangerous to disruption. Amnesia essentially represents an inability to process information at a normal rate. Furthermore, this slow processing may tarry for an extended period.

In addition to confusion and memory problems, concussed persons may also experience poor concentration, vertigo, visual abnormalities, irritability, fatigue, a

There argon many ways that batters may protect themselves from pitched baseballs. In both professional and secondary League circuits, players wear batting helmets (Goldsmith & Kabo, 1982, pp. 31-37). Such helmets typically populate of two major components: (1) the outer polycarbonate shell; and (2) the internal liner. The spartan outer shell distributes the load generated by the baseball's tint; whereas, the interior liner acts as an energy-absorbing mechanism. The helmet has greatly reduced the tot of serious brain injuries, and practically eliminated the prevalence of fatal domed stadium balls.

However, while the introduction of the baseball helmet has made the sport more safer, "no known device acceptable to the public can provide absolute protection under any and all conceivable circumstances" (Goldsmith & Kabo, 1982, pp. 31-37). Thus, in order to prevent catastrophic injuries, coaches and athletes must commit themselves to safe practices.

While the symptoms of concussion are usually self-limited, persons with mild and moderately severe closed division injury may be subject to a compartmentalization of sequelae. The most feared of these complications, the intracranial hematoma, usually develops within 24 to 48 hours. The cerebral veins which empty into the sinuses of the dura are thin-walled and lack valves. When these veins are torn, they can produce a blood pool underneath the dura. The excessive intracranial pressures which result from such bleeding may result in brain damage and even terminal (Ryan, 1991, pp. 81-86).

Goodman, J. C.; Cherian, L.; Bryan, R. M., Jr.; Robertson, C. S. (1994, October). Lateral cortical impact injury in rats: Pathologic effects of varying cortical compression and impact velocity. Journal of Neurotrauma, 11, 587-597.

Vollmer, D. G., & Dacey, R. G., Jr. (1991, April). The management of mild and moderate head injuries. Neurosurgery and Clinics of North America, 2, 437-455.

In addition to the relative movement of the skull and the
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